GPS doesn't work when submarines submerge, instead crews rely on the Inertial Navigation System, tracking the submarine in relation to its starting point.

The SWOT satellite, supported by NASA, reveals previously unknown underwater peaks, offering a new perspective on Earth's geology. Data from space will enable a better understanding of deep currents, ...

Sonar systems are essential for underwater mapping and object detection ... Multibeam sonar, in contrast, maps the seafloor topography by emitting multiple sonar beams in a fan-shaped pattern ...