The present participle is like '-ing' in English.

J’écoute de la musique en faisant mes devoirs. – I listen to music while doing my homework. Il s’est cassé la jambe en jouant au rugby. – He broke his leg by/while playing rugby.

The abstract is usually in the past tense due to it showing what has already been studied. Example: “This study was conducted at the Iyarina Field School, and within the indigenous Waorani community ...

Perhaps for this reason, such critical thinking about music is sometimes perceived as difficult. Understanding Music: Past and Present creates a roadmap from some of the earliest known origins of ...