The choice of site for injection must be based on good clinical ... The postulated mechanisms of injury include direct needle trauma, secondary constriction by scar, and direct nerve fiber damage ...

Control mice were injected with aqueous vaccine using a 26.5-gauge needle. The subcutaneous injection was given in the scruff of the neck and the intramuscular injection was made in the upper thigh.

The vaccine also produced a more diverse antibody response and greater mucosal immunity when compared to the same vaccine delivered via traditional intramuscular injection using a needle and ...