Unemployment benefits and other social spending are also designed to rise during a downturn. These cyclical changes make fiscal policy automatically expansionary during downturns and contractionary ...

In the same way that monetary policy has become more rule-driven over recent decades, greater reliance on automatic stabilizers, as opposed to discretionary fiscal policy, would make fiscal policy ...

announced plans to introduce an automatic transportation system, which automatically controls bullet trains from start to stop, to a section of the Joetsu Shinkansen Line in fiscal 2028.