Cross-border payments are essential to the global financial system, facilitating trade and investment. The global cross-border traditional and crypto payment market approached a value of about one ...

Focusing on a cross-border perspective, this paper identifies four key binding constraints that hinder firms’ ability to innovate and scale up within the EU single market—fragmented regulations, ...

During a major crisis, the transitional dynamics of conditional convergence are unlikely to apply. In this paper, we introduce a Markov chain approach which integrates the study of crises and ...

The European Union’s budget—known as the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF)—has over time been a key tool for enhancing economic efficiency, achieving redistribution, and helping the Union tackle ...

An International Monetary Fund (IMF) staff team, led by Ms. Wenjie Chen, visited Bamako from June 9 to 13, 2025, to conduct the 2025 Article IV consultation with the Malian authorities. The team held ...

The Board of Governors, the highest decision-making body of the IMF, consists of one governor and one alternate governor for each member country. The governor is appointed by the member country and is ...

Fiscal policy affects macroeconomic stability, growth, and income distribution. Citizens expect their governments to ensure value-for-money for public spending, a fair and efficient tax system, and ...

Dominica is a small developing state (SDS) facing large economic imbalances, natural disasters (NDs), and substantial development needs amid slowing potential growth. Its narrow economic base ...

Greater debt transparency builds investor confidence, helps reduce borrowing costs, and strengthens debt sustainability—reducing the risk of shocks that can lead to a debt crisis ...

This Technical Assistance followed a request by the Central Bank of Uzbekistan for a review of their nowcasting and near-term forecasting system. Over the past few years, the central bank has ...

1 Voting power varies on certain matters pertaining to the General Department with use of the Fund's resources in that Department. 2 Percentages of total votes (5,041,052) in the General Department ...

These representative exchange rates, which are reported to the Fund by the issuing central bank, are expressed in terms of currency units per U.S. dollar, except for those indicated by (1) which are ...