The first step of toxin activity is the recognition of a specific receptor on the target cell surface. When bound to the receptor, toxins can act at the cell membrane by interfering with signal ...

parvum builds its toxin has also revealed previously unknown ... and scientists are still trying to figure out how the tiny single-celled organisms make large complex molecules.

Izhar Karbat, Ph.D., and Eitan Reuveny, Ph.D., both scientists at the Weizmann Institute in Israel, wanted to figure out how the cone snail toxin, Conkunitzin-S1 (Cs1), impacts fish, a prey of ...