It describes the forces and behavior of the Universe’s fundamental particles: quarks, leptons, and bosons. It is a very comprehensive framework backed by extensive experimental evidence and is ...

These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...

First, the spectrum of electrons and positrons generated by dark matter is generally too soft unless the annihilations proceed mostly to leptons (the ... rather than to quarks, gauge bosons ...

Countless neutrinos fly through you every second! Neutrinos, a category of leptons, have no electric charge and do not feel the strong interactions that bind the quarks into protons and neutrons.

This breaking can help explain the mass hierarchies of charged leptons and potentially quarks, suggesting a deeper connection between flavor symmetries and particle masses[1]. Another significant ...

The underlying theoretical construct in particle physics is called the Standard Model and it contains 6 quarks, 6 leptons, 4 gauge bosons, and one scalar boson (the Higgs boson), which interact ...

Leptons are particles that can exist on their own. Protons and neutrons belong to the ‘family’ of hadrons. The hadrons are the heavier particles. All hadrons are made of quarks (which can only ...

Review of Special Relativity and a brief introduction to general relativity. Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Fundamental particles, Quarks, Leptons and Gauge Bosons.