Background: Conduction disturbances requiring permanent pacemaker implantation after heart surgery occur in about 1.5% of patients. Early pacemaker implantation may reduce morbidity and ...

A nerve stimulator is an intraoperative tool that ... allowing surgeons to protect and preserve neuromuscular function during surgery.

Patients at high risk for conduction disturbances requiring permanent pacemaker implantation after cardiac surgery include those with preexisting LBBB, and those undergoing aortic valve replacement.