Population surveillance. The carrying of identification while traveling. Add to that the public presence of diverse religions ...

The Ottoman Empire’s most enduring kanun codes were already compiled by the end of the 16th century. Sultans Mehmed II (r. 1451-1481) and Suleiman I (r. 1520-1566) were particularly important in ...

Crusius plundered contemporary travel accounts for information alongside chronicles and histories. He recognised ...

Among all the wonderful and long-awaited flowers of spring, tulips occupy a special place in hearts and history. Brought to ...

An Osaka Metropolitan University historian has found that the Ottoman Empire’s seeming religious tolerance stemmed from ...