As excitation volumes are limited to 10 −21 liter, the concentration of fluorescently labeled tRNA can be orders of magnitude higher than in more traditional single-molecule studies, ensuring ...

tRNAs have a distinct cloverleaf secondary structure and an L-shaped tertiary structure. The cloverleaf structure is formed by the folding of the single-stranded tRNA molecule, which is typically ...

How does DNA determine an organism’s characteristics? A process called translation decodes RNA created during transcription, and uses it to create proteins that perform specific cellular functions.