Many geologists attribute the great variation in the temperature gradient to complex irregularities in the structure of the earth's crust. Some even maintain that the interior of the earth is cold ...

Early astronomers once believed Earth was the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and planets orbiting around it. This geocentric model seemed to explain the movements of celestial objects ...

"The waves we use for the model essentially only represent one property, namely the speed at which they travel through the Earth's interior," he added. But to get a more accurate picture ...

The quantities of water on Earth, both past and present, are well documented. Our model, which begins with the degassing of ice from the original asteroid belt, successfully accounts for the ...

Seismologists have long known that seismic waves—generated by earthquakes—do not travel through all parts of Earth's interior at the ... By combining a model of mantle convection, including ...