The cranio-vertebral joint is thus really a joint between two vertebrae. One or more times during vertebrate evolution, one vertebra at the cranio-vertebral boundary became reduced in size and became ...

The spine (aka backbone) is a linked column of bones running from the head down ... There are 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lumbar region. There are 5 sacral vertebrae, which are fused as one bone and ...

‘Ankylosing’ refers to fused bones and ‘spondylitis’ is inflammation in the vertebrae in the spine. Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is, therefore, an inflammatory disease that can cause the ...

Patients will often present at a young age with a family complaint of a curvature to the spine. Radiographs may demonstrate abnormal vertebrae that are either fused or partially formed.